Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) play a pivotal role in modern biopharmaceuticals, due to their complex structures and diverse functionalities to target specific disease mechanisms with remarkable precision. However, the complexity and heterogeneity inherent in mAbs necessitate stringent control throughout the manufacturing process. To ensure the safety, efficacy, and consistency of mAbs and other protein drugs, a comprehensive understanding of their characteristics and behavior is required.
